27.08.2026

1. The Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination (WMCC) includes mechanisms dealing with both boundary delimitation and border management.
2. Delimitation refers to physically marking an already agreed boundary, whereas demarcation determines the alignment of the boundary.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. The Himalayan region is vulnerable to flash floods because steep slopes and narrow valleys can rapidly concentrate runoff and debris into river channels.
2. Glacier or ice-rock collapse in a high-altitude region can generate a sudden surge of water and debris downstream, even without prolonged rainfall over the affected valley.

III. Western Disturbances, when interacting with the southwest monsoon, can enhance precipitation over parts of the Himalayan region and thereby contribute to conditions favourable for flash floods.

Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the above statements?

1. Flash floods in the Himalayas may result from both hydrometeorological processes and sudden cryospheric or geomorphological disturbances.
2. The occurrence of a flash flood in the Himalayan region necessarily indicates that exceptionally heavy rainfall has occurred immediately beforehand.
3. Weather-system interactions can act as a contributing factor to Himalayan flood risk without necessarily being the immediate trigger of a particular flash-flood event.

Select the answer using the code given below:

1. The Special Representatives mechanism between India and China deals exclusively with military disengagement along the Line of Actual Control.
2. The Line of Actual Control is not a mutually demarcated boundary between India and China.
3. India and China have established military-to-military communication mechanisms to reduce the risk of unintended escalation along the border.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?