Daily Quiz

1. The settlement represents a shift from regulating only the content available on social-media platforms towards addressing the design features and default settings that can encourage compulsive engagement among young users.
2. The settlement establishes a judicial precedent under which internet platforms can generally be held liable for harms caused by content posted by their users, notwithstanding statutory protections available to such platforms.

Which of the following information supports the above statement(s)?

1. The settlement requires Meta to introduce measures such as daily usage limits, overnight access restrictions, notification controls and stronger age-assurance mechanisms for young users.
2. The allegations against Meta included claims that features such as recommendation systems and engagement-oriented design contributed to compulsive use among young people.
3. The settlement resolves the participating states' claims without requiring Meta to admit wrongdoing and does not establish a general standard of care or precedent applicable elsewhere.

Select the answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 

1. It was originally constructed as a privately owned waterway and was subsequently taken over by the government during the nineteenth century.
2. It extends along the eastern coast of India through both Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
3. Historically, it formed part of a continuous navigable waterway system connected with the Krishna and Godavari canal systems.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. The President can return a Money Bill passed by Parliament for reconsideration.
2. The President can promulgate an Ordinance only when both Houses of Parliament are not in session.
3. The President is bound to act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, but may require the Council to reconsider such advice once.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. India’s engagement with the landlocked states of Central Asia has sought to overcome geographical constraints through alternative connectivity routes, particularly by linking the region with Iran’s Chabahar Port and the International North-South Transport Corridor.
2. India’s emphasis on Central Asia’s uranium, natural gas and hydropower resources reflects an approach in which connectivity is treated not merely as a transport objective but also as an instrument of energy security and strategic influence.

The above statements have been associated with which of the following?

1. India’s extended neighbourhood policy
2. India’s Act East Policy

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1. The convention that an Acting Chief Justice should ordinarily not make recommendations for appointment of High Court judges is based, among other considerations, on the relatively short tenure and the limited opportunity for extensive consultation and assessment of candidates.
2. The Supreme Court Collegium has, in earlier instances, adopted different approaches to recommendations made during short or transitional tenures, depending upon factors such as the recommending judge's familiarity with the High Court and objections raised during the consultation process.

III. The absence of a codified rule governing such recommendations enables the Collegium to assess each case on its circumstances, while also creating scope for variation in institutional practice.

Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the above statements?

1. The designation of a judge as Acting Chief Justice, by itself, does not necessarily determine whether recommendations made by that judge will receive consideration by the Collegium.
2. The existence of a convention against such recommendations implies that any recommendation made by an Acting Chief Justice is procedurally invalid.
3. Flexibility in dealing with recommendations from Acting Chief Justices may facilitate case-specific assessment, but can also result in uncertainty regarding the applicable institutional practice.

Select the answer using the code given below:

1. India has operational underground strategic storage facilities for crude oil and LPG, but it does not have an operational underground natural-gas storage facility.
2. Regasification capacity at an LNG terminal is equivalent to strategic LNG inventory because the terminal can convert imported LNG into natural gas for immediate distribution.

III. Salt caverns can facilitate faster injection and withdrawal of stored gas compared to depleted oil and gas reservoirs, making them suitable for frequent cycling.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. The Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination (WMCC) includes mechanisms dealing with both boundary delimitation and border management.
2. Delimitation refers to physically marking an already agreed boundary, whereas demarcation determines the alignment of the boundary.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. The Himalayan region is vulnerable to flash floods because steep slopes and narrow valleys can rapidly concentrate runoff and debris into river channels.
2. Glacier or ice-rock collapse in a high-altitude region can generate a sudden surge of water and debris downstream, even without prolonged rainfall over the affected valley.

III. Western Disturbances, when interacting with the southwest monsoon, can enhance precipitation over parts of the Himalayan region and thereby contribute to conditions favourable for flash floods.

Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the above statements?

1. Flash floods in the Himalayas may result from both hydrometeorological processes and sudden cryospheric or geomorphological disturbances.
2. The occurrence of a flash flood in the Himalayan region necessarily indicates that exceptionally heavy rainfall has occurred immediately beforehand.
3. Weather-system interactions can act as a contributing factor to Himalayan flood risk without necessarily being the immediate trigger of a particular flash-flood event.

Select the answer using the code given below:

1. The Special Representatives mechanism between India and China deals exclusively with military disengagement along the Line of Actual Control.
2. The Line of Actual Control is not a mutually demarcated boundary between India and China.
3. India and China have established military-to-military communication mechanisms to reduce the risk of unintended escalation along the border.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. PRAGATI is an ICT-enabled, multi-modal platform for facilitating interaction between the Union Government, State Governments and implementing agencies.
2. It focuses only on monitoring the progress of major infrastructure projects and does not cover government programmes or implementation bottlenecks.
3. The platform seeks to strengthen administrative coordination, accountability and timely implementation.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Statements:

1. When the number of degree-holders increases faster than the availability of jobs requiring corresponding competencies, possession of a formal qualification may cease to provide a reliable signal of employability.
2. Apprenticeship-based degree programmes that combine classroom instruction with workplace exposure seek to make educational qualifications more closely responsive to labour-market requirements.

The above statements have been associated with which of the following?

1. Credential Inflation
2. Outcome-oriented Skilling

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1. the south.
2. The Orkhon River Valley and Hovsgol Nuur are located entirely away from Mongolia’s international borders.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. It has been developed as an indigenous alternative to imported popcorn maize hybrids.
2. The term “high-expansion” refers to the ability of the maize kernels to produce a larger volume of popped corn.
3. Being a hybrid seed, it necessarily involves genetic modification using recombinant DNA technology.
4. The initiative seeks to strengthen farmer–market linkages through an integrated popcorn value chain.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. The revised guidelines introduce a “one-family-one-assistance” principle for NHB schemes.
2. The definition of family has been expanded to include the spouse, father, mother, sons and daughters.
3. The maximum subsidy for beneficiaries in general-category States has been reduced from 50% to 35% of the eligible project cost.
4. Groups of farmers have been made eligible for financial assistance under the revised guidelines.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. Gondwana coal is predominantly found in the peninsular region of India.
2. Tertiary coal deposits are mainly concentrated in the northeastern states.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. It originates from the Pavagadh Hills in Gujarat.
2. It flows between the Mahi and Narmada rivers.
3. It drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat.
4. The river is perennial throughout its course.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. Press Note 3 was introduced in 2020 to require prior government approval for FDI from countries sharing a land border with India.
2. Under the 2026 relaxation, entities with less than 10% ownership held by investors from land-bordering countries can invest through the automatic route.
3. The relaxation applies only to investments originating from China.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

1. The presence of punch-marked coins and large bricks at Vaishya Tekri is sufficient to conclusively establish that the stupa was constructed by Ashoka himself.
2. The absence of Ashokan pillars at Ujjain does not by itself disprove Ashoka’s association with the city, particularly when other historical evidence indicates his viceroyalty there.
3. Xuanzang’s account of an “hellish prison” associated with Ashoka at Ujjain finds some archaeological support from the burial-cum-cremation ground discovered at Kumhar Tekri.

Which one of the following is the most appropriate inference from the above?

1. Political clearance from the Ministry of External Affairs is required for foreign visits undertaken by government employees, including private visits.
2. A Chief Minister undertaking a foreign visit requires prior political clearance from the Ministry of External Affairs, irrespective of whether the visit is official or private.
3. Members of the Lok Sabha require clearance from the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha for undertaking foreign visits.
4. Foreign hospitality from a non-UN organisation may require additional clearance under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act.

How many of the above statements are correct?

1. It is an irrigation structure located on the Betwa River in Uttar Pradesh.
2. It has been recognised as a World Heritage Irrigation Structure (WHIS) by the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID).
3. It is located in the Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. The collection of caste-related information in Census 2027 marks a significant departure from the population enumeration component of the 2011 Census, which collected information on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes but did not undertake a comprehensive caste enumeration.
2. The National Population Register is confined to Indian citizens, since its primary purpose is to facilitate the preparation of the register of Indian citizens under the Citizenship Rules, 2003.

The above statements have been associated with which of the following?

1. Census 2027 and caste enumeration
2. National Population Register (NPR)

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1. It can enable fractional ownership of bonds by representing underlying securities through digital tokens recorded on a distributed ledger.
2. Bond tokenisation necessarily eliminates credit risk associated with the underlying bond because transactions are recorded on an immutable blockchain.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. The Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board v. R. Rajappa (1978) judgment held that the existence of a profit motive is essential for an activity to qualify as an “industry”.
2. The Supreme Court has held that the 1978 interpretation will continue to govern pending disputes under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, but will not govern future disputes under the Industrial Relations Code, 2020.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. The landmark Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board v. R. Rajappa judgment adopted a broad interpretation of the term ‘industry’ based substantially on the nature of the activity rather than the identity of the employer.
2. The recent nine-judge Constitution Bench judgment has held that the interpretation laid down in Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board v. R. Rajappa will continue to govern all future disputes concerning the meaning of ‘industry’.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. The Central African Republic is a landlocked country bordered by six countries.
2. The Ubangi River forms a significant part of the border between the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
3. The capital Bangui is located on the southern bank of the Ubangi River.
4. The Ubangi River is a tributary of the Congo River.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Statements:

1. Replacing a uniform operator-liability ceiling with different liability limits based on the thermal capacity of a nuclear installation reflects an approach in which the financial liability is calibrated to the scale of the facility rather than imposed uniformly on all operators.
2. Permitting private entities to build and operate nuclear power plants while retaining exclusive governmental control over activities such as enrichment and spent-fuel management represents liberalisation of the sector without complete withdrawal of the State from strategic nuclear functions.

The above statements have been associated with which of the following?

1. Graded nuclear liability
2. Regulated liberalisation of the nuclear sector

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1. India’s participation in a sustained lunar exploration programme can help ISRO acquire experience in technologies required for long-duration human presence on the Moon without developing every capability independently.
2. Signing the Artemis Accords by India, by itself, commits India to participate in all NASA-led lunar missions and prevents it from pursuing independent or other international space cooperation.

Which of the following information supports/supports the above statement(s)?

1. India is developing capabilities for human spaceflight and a future space station, which involve technologies relevant to sustained human presence beyond Earth.
2. The Artemis Accords emphasise principles such as interoperability and cooperation in peaceful lunar exploration, thereby providing a framework for international participation.
3. India has historically undertaken several major space missions, including Chandrayaan-3, through largely indigenous technological efforts.

Select the answer using the code given below:

1. The survey is conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
2. The survey seeks to capture planned capital expenditure by enterprises in the private corporate sector.
3. The survey is intended to measure only realised capital expenditure and does not cover future investment intentions.
4. The survey provides an indicator of the potential revival of private investment in the economy.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. Article 323A of the Constitution deals with administrative tribunals.
2. Tribunals are completely outside the scope of judicial review by constitutional courts.
3. Article 323B provides for tribunals for certain specified matters other than administrative disputes.
4. The Supreme Court has emphasised that tribunals must maintain institutional independence from the executive.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. It seeks to repeal the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021.
2. It proposes a judiciary-led National Tribunals Commission.
3. The proposed Commission is intended to reduce executive discretion in appointments and tribunal administration.
4. The Bill seeks to abolish judicial review of tribunal decisions by constitutional courts.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. India’s target of achieving 100 GW of nuclear power capacity by 2047 is intended to provide a reliable source of low-carbon electricity, particularly as electricity demand from data centres, artificial intelligence infrastructure and semiconductor manufacturing is expected to rise.
2. Nuclear power is considered suitable for meeting the electricity requirements of AI infrastructure and semiconductor fabs primarily because nuclear reactors can provide continuous, dispatchable electricity, unlike variable renewable sources such as solar and wind.

Which of the following concepts/outcomes are the above statements associated with?

1. Firm power for energy-intensive digital infrastructure
2. Integration of nuclear power with India’s energy-transition strategy

1. The Green India Mission is one of the eight missions under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and seeks to enhance ecosystem services, increase forest/tree cover and improve the resilience of forest-dependent communities.
2. According to a recent CAG performance audit, against the target of increasing forest cover by about 1.4 million hectares during 2015–16 to 2024–25, only about 0.03 million hectares was achieved.

Which of the following concepts/outcomes are the above statements associated with?

1. Climate-resilient forest restoration
2. Implementation gap in environmental governance

1. The Mahadayi River originates in the Western Ghats of Karnataka and flows westwards into the Arabian Sea.
2. The river basin extends across Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa, with Goa accounting for the largest share of the basin area.

III. The Kalasa and Banduri are tributaries associated with the Mahadayi river system, and Karnataka has proposed their diversion towards the Malaprabha basin.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. Unlike conventional generative AI systems that primarily respond to user prompts, AI agents can autonomously plan and execute multi-step tasks by interacting with external tools such as APIs, databases or web browsers.
2. The use of AI agents necessarily eliminates the need for human oversight because their ability to evaluate intermediate outcomes enables them to independently ensure the safety and correctness of their actions.

Which of the following are the above statements associated with?

1. Agentic AI and autonomous task execution
2. Human-in-the-loop governance of AI systems

1. Government securities issued by the Central Government include Treasury Bills for short-term borrowing and dated securities for medium- and long-term borrowing.
2. An increase in the market yield of an existing fixed-coupon government bond generally results in an increase in its market price, assuming other factors remain unchanged.

III. The Fully Accessible Route (FAR) permits eligible foreign investors to invest in specified Indian Government Securities without being subject to the conventional foreign investment limits applicable to government securities.

Which of the following are the above statements associated with?

1. Government securities market and bond-price dynamics
2. Foreign participation in India's government bond market

1. A law enacted to give effect to all Directive Principles of State Policy enjoys protection from judicial review if it violates a Fundamental Right.
2. The Supreme Court has held that the harmony between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles is an essential feature of the Constitution.
3. Article 31C, as it presently operates, provides protection to laws implementing only those Directive Principles specified under Article 39(b) and 39(c).

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Statements:

1. E20 petrol contains 20% ethanol and 80% petrol, with ethanol blending intended to reduce dependence on imported crude oil and lower certain tailpipe emissions.
2. Vehicles manufactured before 2023 were generally designed for E5/E10, and ethanol's solvent and hygroscopic properties can affect certain older fuel-system components.

III. Unlike India, Brazil transitioned to higher ethanol blending levels along with vehicle modifications over a period spanning several decades.

Inferences:

1. Ethanol blending can contribute to India's energy-security objectives by partially substituting petroleum-based fuel requirements.
2. Since E20 can affect components of some older vehicles, all petrol vehicles in India are equally vulnerable to ethanol-related damage.
3. India's relatively rapid transition from the E10 milestone to E20 provides a shorter period for vehicle adaptation compared with Brazil's gradual transition.

Which of the following is/are correct?

Statement I: UPI transactions in India have expanded from a small-scale digital payment system in 2016 to billions of transactions annually, with UPI accounting for a dominant share of India’s digital payment volumes.

Statement II: The zero-MDR framework for UPI transactions was introduced to encourage wider adoption of digital payments by keeping transaction costs low for users and merchants.

Statement III: Despite rapid growth in transaction volumes, the UPI ecosystem faces concerns regarding the sustainability of its cost structure, as banks and other ecosystem participants continue to incur expenses in processing transactions.

Which one of the following inferences can be drawn from the above statements?

1. The rapid expansion of UPI indicates that reducing transaction costs can significantly facilitate the adoption of digital payment systems.
2. The zero-MDR framework by itself ensures the long-term financial sustainability of all entities participating in the UPI ecosystem.
3. The increasing scale of UPI transactions implies that future policy attention may need to address both wider adoption and the financial sustainability of the payment ecosystem.

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1. The Namib Desert lies along Namibia’s Atlantic coast.
2. The Brandberg (Mount Brand) is Namibia’s highest mountain and is located along the western escarpment of the Central Plateau.
3. The Zambezi River forms part of Namibia’s northern boundary and separates Namibia from Zimbabwe along a short stretch.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Statement I: India imports around 60% of its LPG consumption, with nearly 90% of its traditional imports passing through the Strait of Hormuz.

Statement II: In response to disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz, India increased LPG sourcing from the United States, with U.S. imports reaching 0.77 million metric tonnes in June 2026.

Statement III: In Q1 FY27, India’s domestic LPG production was 4.3 million metric tonnes against consumption of 6.5 million metric tonnes, indicating a persistent domestic supply gap.

Consider the following inferences:

1. India’s dependence on a strategically sensitive maritime chokepoint creates a significant vulnerability to disruptions in its LPG supply chain.
2. The increase in U.S. LPG imports demonstrates that India can completely eliminate its dependence on imported LPG during periods of geopolitical disruption.
3. The domestic production-consumption gap indicates that strengthening domestic LPG production is important for reducing India’s vulnerability to external supply disruptions.

Which one of the following is correct?

Statement I: The SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 provides for Special and Exclusive Special Courts, Special Public Prosecutors, victim rehabilitation and preventive measures by governments and district authorities.

Statement II: The 2015 amendment to the Act primarily dealt with restricting arrests under the Act by introducing a requirement of prior approval before arresting an accused person.

Which of the following is/are correctly associated with the above statements?

1. Institutional and procedural safeguards under the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act
2. Arrest safeguards introduced through the 2015 amendment

Options

1. The Act provides for establishment of Special Courts for the trial of offences under the Act.
2. The Act applies only to offences committed against members of Scheduled Castes and does not cover Scheduled Tribes.
3. The Act empowers the Central Government to make rules for carrying out its provisions.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. Article 82 of the Constitution provides for readjustment of the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha among States and the division of each State into territorial constituencies after every Census, as Parliament may by law determine.
2. The 42nd Constitutional Amendment froze the allocation of Lok Sabha seats among States on the basis of the 1971 Census, primarily to avoid penalising States that had effectively implemented population-control measures.

Which of the following concepts are the above statements associated with?

1. Constitutional framework for delimitation
2. Federal implications of population-based representation

Options:

1. Under the BOOT model, a private developer builds, owns and operates an infrastructure asset for a specified concession period, after which the asset is transferred to the government.
2. Gujarat’s original private-port framework introduced in 1997 provided an initial concession period of 30 years, and both Pipavav and Mundra ports were established under this framework with identical concession-expiry dates.

Which of the following concepts/outcomes are the above statements associated with?

1. Public–Private Partnership (PPP) in infrastructure
2. Long-term concession-based port development

Options:

1. Lake Mead was formed following the construction of the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River.
2. It lies along the Arizona–Nevada border and serves as a major source of water for the American Southwest.
3. Its declining water level is primarily attributed to excessive rainfall and increased inflows from the Rocky Mountains.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Statement I: India is reviewing its 2015 Model BIT amid rising overseas investments by Indian companies and changing global investment patterns.

Statement II: India’s 2015 Model BIT requires foreign investors to exhaust domestic legal remedies for five years before approaching international arbitration.

Statement III: India’s gross FDI has reached record levels even as net FDI has declined substantially in recent years.

Consider the following inferences:

1. India’s BIT policy is increasingly required to protect not only foreign investment entering India but also Indian investment abroad.
2. The five-year local-remedies requirement has made India’s existing Model BIT less acceptable to some foreign investors and negotiating partners.
3. The decline in net FDI necessarily indicates that India’s ability to attract foreign investment has weakened in absolute terms.

Which of the above inferences are correct?

1. The Bill expands the definition of “bankers’ books” to include electronic or digital records stored onsite, offsite, or in virtual/cloud locations, thereby adapting the evidentiary framework to contemporary banking practices.
2. The Bill introduces a new investigative power under which bank records can be obtained only when specifically authorised by an officer not below the rank of Superintendent of Police, a power that did not exist under the Bankers’ Books Evidence Act, 1891.

Which of the following are correctly matched with the provisions of the Bankers’ Books Evidence Bill, 2026?

1. Modernisation of evidentiary rules for digital banking records
2. Expansion of police powers to access bank records

1. Under the Build–Own–Operate–Transfer (BOOT) model, a private concessionaire generally finances and develops the infrastructure, operates it for a specified concession period, and transfers the asset to the government at the end of the concession period.
2. Gujarat’s adoption of a BOOT-based port development framework in the late 1990s was aimed at attracting private investment into port infrastructure, thereby reducing the need for exclusive public-sector financing.

Which of the following concepts/outcomes are the above statements associated with?

1. Public–Private Partnership (PPP) in infrastructure
2. Port-led development and private capital mobilisation

Options:

Statement I: The Taxation and Other Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2026 seeks to amend the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 to enable the imposition of Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) on eligible UPI transactions.

Statement II: The proposed MDR would constitute a direct tax on UPI users and would apply uniformly to all UPI transactions, including small-value person-to-person transfers.

Which of the following concepts/outcomes are the above statements associated with?

1. Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) on digital payments
2. Direct taxation of UPI users

26. Between April 1 and August 5, 2026, investment announcements in India amounted to about ₹26.75 lakh crore, with the domestic private sector accounting for the majority of these announcements.
27. A substantial share of the announced investments was concentrated in IT-enabled services, particularly data centres and Artificial Intelligence, and in conventional electricity, particularly nuclear energy.

III. Investment announcements in consumer goods, including automobiles, accounted for only about 0.7% of the total, amid indications of weak consumer demand and surplus capacity.

Inference Statements:

1. The large volume of investment announcements necessarily indicates that India has entered a broad-based private investment cycle across consumer and producer-oriented sectors.
2. The concentration of proposed investments in a few capital-intensive sectors suggests that the recent investment revival may not yet reflect a broad-based strengthening of domestic demand.
3. Persistent weakness in consumer demand can discourage firms from expanding consumer-oriented capacity, even when aggregate investment announcements appear strong.

Which one of the following is correct?

1. Neduntheevu, also known as Delft Island, is located in the Palk Strait and belongs to Sri Lanka.
2. It is the largest among the inhabited islands located in the Palk Strait.
3. The island has a network of perennial streams that constitutes its principal source of freshwater.
4. A Dutch fort constructed using coral is located on the island.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

1. Doxxing refers to the public disclosure of an individual's private personal information to intimidate, harass, or shame them; however, there is presently no law in India that explicitly defines and criminalises doxxing as a standalone offence.
2. Under the Information Technology Act, Section 72A treats every unauthorised disclosure of personal data as a criminal offence punishable with imprisonment, irrespective of the nature of the information disclosed.

III. Under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), provisions relating to stalking, criminal intimidation, and insulting the modesty of a woman may be invoked when doxxing results in threats, harassment, or invasion of privacy.

The above statements are associated with which of the following?

1. Existing legal remedies available against doxxing in India
2. A comprehensive statutory framework that directly criminalises doxxing as an independent offence

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49. According to a recent NITI Aayog report, around 94,000 government schools have been closed over the last decade, while the share of government schools in total enrolment declined from 71% (2005) to 49.24% (2024–25).
50. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 supports school rationalisation but explicitly states that the principle of neighbourhood schools should not be compromised.

III. The Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 guarantees free and compulsory elementary education for children aged 6–14 years, but it provides limited enforceable provisions regarding the quality of education, and School Management Committees (SMCs) often remain weak and inactive.

Inference Statements

1. The decline in the share of government school enrolment necessarily proves that most students have shifted to private schools due to better educational quality.
2. If school rationalisation results in children travelling long distances to attend school, such implementation may be inconsistent with the neighbourhood school principle envisaged under NEP 2020.
3. Merely providing a legal guarantee of access to elementary education does not automatically ensure effective implementation or satisfactory quality of education.

Which of the above inferences are valid?

1. Article 19 guarantees six freedoms only to citizens of India.
2. The right to freedom of speech and expression under Article 19 is absolute and cannot be restricted by the State.
3. The Constitution permits the State to impose reasonable restrictions on the freedom to practise any profession or carry on any occupation, trade or business in the interest of the general public.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. Assam and West Bengal together account for over 80% of India's tea production, making national tea output highly sensitive to climatic disruptions in these states.
2. India accounts for a higher share in global tea exports than in global tea production, indicating that most of its tea production is export-oriented.

Which of the following are the above statements correctly associated with?

1. Regional concentration influencing domestic tea supply and prices
2. India's strong export competitiveness in the global tea market

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1. It is implemented by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.
2. The campaign primarily focuses on demand reduction through awareness, prevention and rehabilitation.
3. It replaces the Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

How many of the above statements are correct?

1. It connects the Indian state of Sikkim with China's Tibet Autonomous Region.
2. It forms part of an offshoot of the ancient Silk Road.
3. It is one of the three operational border trade posts between India and China.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1. The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) measures changes in industrial output but does not directly measure actual consumer spending.
2. A rise in capital goods production is generally considered an indicator of increasing investment and expansion of future productive capacity.

III. Industrial production data should be interpreted along with indicators such as GDP, GST collections, employment and consumption to assess the overall health of the economy.

Inferences

1. A high IIP growth rate alone is sufficient to conclude that household consumption demand has strengthened.
2. An increase in capital goods production may indicate that industries are preparing for higher future production.
3. Relying solely on IIP may provide an incomplete picture of the economy.

Which of the above inferences are valid?

1. A Zero FIR can be registered at any police station irrespective of territorial jurisdiction and is later transferred to the police station having jurisdiction.
2. Mere abusive or offensive language is not automatically punishable under Indian law; criminal liability depends on the context, intention and fulfilment of the legal ingredients of the alleged offence.

III. Article 19(1)(a) guarantees freedom of speech and expression, but Article 19(2) permits the State to impose reasonable restrictions on specified grounds such as public order, defamation and incitement to an offence.

Inferences:

1. A person reporting a cognisable offence need not first determine the police station having territorial jurisdiction before the FIR is registered.
2. Since abusive language alone is not automatically punishable, criminal proceedings can never be initiated for offensive speech.
3. The Constitution does not treat freedom of speech as an absolute right and permits statutory restrictions on specified grounds.

Which of the above inferences are correctly drawn from the statements?

1. In the Kesavananda Bharati (1973) judgment, the Supreme Court held that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution, but cannot alter its Basic Structure.
2. The expression "Basic Structure" is explicitly mentioned in Article 368 of the Constitution, which defines the limits of Parliament's amending power.

III. In the Minerva Mills (1980) judgment, the Supreme Court held that a balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles forms part of the Basic Structure.

The above statements are associated with which of the following?

1. Judicial limitations on Parliament's constitutional amendment power
2. Constitutional provisions expressly codifying the Basic Structure doctrine

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